S 1554 IS
110th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 1554
To comprehensively address challenges relating to energy
independence, air pollution, and climate change facing the United
States.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
June 6, 2007
Ms. COLLINS (for herself and Mr. LIEBERMAN) introduced the following bill;
which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Finance
A BILL
To comprehensively address challenges relating to energy
independence, air pollution, and climate change facing the United
States.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) Short Title- This Act may be cited as the `Energy Independence, Clean
Air, and Climate Security Act of 2007'.
(b) Table of Contents- The table of contents of this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
TITLE I--ENERGY INDEPENDENCE THROUGH TRANSPORTATION FUEL EFFICIENCY
Subtitle A--Automobile Fuel Economy Standards
Sec. 102. Average fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles and
light trucks.
Sec. 103. Passenger car program reform.
Sec. 106. Ensuring safety of passenger automobiles and light
trucks.
Sec. 107. Onboard fuel economy indicators and devices.
Sec. 108. Secretary of Transportation to certify benefits.
Sec. 109. Credit trading program.
Sec. 110. Report to Congress.
Sec. 111. Labels for fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions.
Subtitle B--Improving Fuel Efficiency
Sec. 121. Helping consumers to purchase more fuel-efficient
automobiles.
Sec. 122. Transit-oriented development corridors.
Sec. 123. Energy-efficient motor vehicle manufacturing credit.
Sec. 124. Fuel efficiency standards for replacement tires.
Sec. 125. Fuel economy for heavy duty trucks.
Sec. 126. Idling reduction tax credit.
Sec. 127. Repeal of preemption of State law relating to automobile fuel
economy standards.
Sec. 128. Federal fleet requirements.
TITLE II--ENERGY INDEPENDENCE THROUGH RENEWABLE FUELS
Subtitle A--Advanced Clean Fuels
Sec. 202. Advanced clean fuel program.
Sec. 203. Voluntary renewable fuels labeling program.
Sec. 204. Water quality protection.
Subtitle B--Assistance and Research
Sec. 211. Small ethanol producer credit expansion for producers of
sucrose and ethanol.
Sec. 212. Research and development in support of low-carbon fuels.
TITLE III--CLEAN POWER ACT
Sec. 302. Electric energy generation emission reductions.
Sec. 303. Savings clause.
Sec. 304. Acid precipitation research program.
Sec. 305. Authorization of appropriations for deposition
monitoring.
Sec. 306. Technical amendments.
TITLE IV--REDUCING HEATING AND ELECTRIC BILLS
Sec. 401. Weatherization assistance.
Sec. 402. Energy Star programs.
Sec. 403. Renewable electricity production credit.
Sec. 404. Efficiency resource standard.
Sec. 405. Federal renewable portfolio standard.
TITLE V--SAVING TAXPAYERS MONEY THROUGH ELIMINATION OF TAX BREAKS
Sec. 501. Repeal of certain tax provisions for oil industry.
TITLE VI--CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH
Sec. 602. Abrupt climate change research program.
Sec. 603. Authorization of appropriations.
TITLE I--ENERGY INDEPENDENCE THROUGH TRANSPORTATION FUEL
EFFICIENCY
Subtitle A--Automobile Fuel Economy Standards
SEC. 101. SHORT TITLE.
This subtitle may be cited as the `Fuel Economy Improvement Act'.
SEC. 102. AVERAGE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS FOR PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT
TRUCKS.
(a) Increased Standards- Section 32902 of title 49, United States Code, is
amended--
(A) by striking `Non-Passenger Automobiles- ' and inserting
`Prescription of Standards by Regulation- '; and
(B) by striking `(except passenger automobiles)' and inserting
`(except passenger automobiles and light trucks)'; and
(2) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows:
`(b) Standards for Passenger Automobiles and Light Trucks-
`(1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall prescribe
average fuel economy standards for passenger automobiles and light trucks
manufactured by a manufacturer in each model year beginning with model year
2010 in order to achieve a combined average fuel economy standard for
passenger automobiles and light trucks--
`(A) of at least 35 miles per gallon beginning in model year 2019 (or
such other number of miles per gallon as the Secretary may prescribe under
subsection (c)); and
`(B) of at least 45 miles per gallon beginning in model year 2030 (or
such other number of miles per gallon as the Secretary may prescribe under
subsection (c)).
`(2) ELIMINATION OF SUV LOOPHOLE- Beginning not later than model year
2013, the regulations prescribed under this section may not make any
distinction between passenger automobiles and light trucks.
`(3) PROGRESS TOWARD STANDARD REQUIRED- In prescribing average fuel
economy standards under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall prescribe
appropriate annual fuel economy standard increases for passenger automobiles
and light trucks that--
`(A) increase the applicable average fuel economy standard ratably
beginning with model year 2010 and ending with model year 2019;
`(B) require that each manufacturer achieve--
`(i) a fuel economy standard for passenger automobiles manufactured
by that manufacturer of at least 29.5 miles per gallon not later than
model year 2010; and
`(ii) a fuel economy standard for light trucks manufactured by that
manufacturer of at least 23.5 miles per gallon not later than model year
2010.
`(4) FUEL ECONOMY BASELINE FOR PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES- Notwithstanding
the maximum feasible average fuel economy level established by regulations
prescribed under subsection (c), the minimum fleet wide average fuel economy
standard for passenger automobiles manufactured by a manufacturer in a model
year for that manufacturer's domestic fleet and foreign fleet, as calculated
under section 32904 as in effect before the date of the enactment of the
Fuel Economy Improvement Act, shall be the greater of--
`(A) 27.5 miles per gallon; or
`(B) 92 percent of the average fuel economy projected by the Secretary
for the combined domestic and foreign fleets manufactured by all
manufacturers in that model year.
`(5) DEADLINE FOR REGULATIONS- The Secretary shall promulgate the
regulations required by paragraphs (1) and (2) in final form not later than
18 months after the date of the enactment of the Fuel Economy Improvement
Act.'.
SEC. 103. PASSENGER CAR PROGRAM REFORM.
Section 32902(c) of title 49, United States Code, is amended to read as
follows:
`(c) Amending Passenger Automobile Standards- Not later than 18 months
before the beginning of each model year, the Secretary of Transportation may
prescribe regulations amending a standard prescribed under subsection (b) for
a model year to a level that the Secretary determines to be the maximum
feasible average fuel economy level for that model year. Section 553 of title
5 shall apply to a proceeding to amend any standard prescribed under
subsection (b). Any interested person may make an oral presentation and a
transcript shall be taken of that presentation. The Secretary may prescribe
separate standards for different classes of passenger automobiles.'.
SEC. 104. WORK TRUCKS.
(a) Definition of Work Truck- Section 32901(a) of title 49, United States
Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
`(18) `work truck' means an automobile that the Secretary determines by
regulation--
`(A) is rated at between 8,500 and 10,000 pounds gross vehicle weight;
and
`(B) is not a medium-duty passenger vehicle (as defined in section
86.1803-01 of title 40, Code of Federal Regulations).'.
(b) Rulemaking- The Secretary of Transportation--
(1) shall issue proposed regulations implementing the amendment made by
subsection (a) not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this
Act; and
(2) shall issue final regulations implementing the amendment made by
subsection (a) not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of
this Act.
(c) Fuel Economy Standards for Work Trucks- Section 32902 of title 49,
United States Code, is amended--
(1) by redesignating subsections (f), (g), (h), (i), and (j) as
subsections (g), (h), (i), (j), and (k), respectively;
(2) by inserting after subsection (e) the following:
`(f) Work Trucks- The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall prescribe
standards to achieve the maximum feasible fuel economy for work trucks
manufactured by a manufacturer in each model year beginning with model year
2013.';
(3) in subsection (i), as redesignated, by striking `and (g) of this
section' and inserting `(f), and (h)'; and
(4) in subsection (k), as redesignated, by striking `or (g) of this
section' and inserting `(f), or (h)'.
SEC. 105. LIGHT TRUCKS.
(1) IN GENERAL- Section 32901(a) of title 49, United States Code, is
amended--
(A) by redesignating paragraphs (12), (13), (14), (15), and (16) as
paragraphs (13) (14), (15), (16), and (17), respectively; and
(B) by inserting after paragraph (11) the following:
`(12) `light truck' means an automobile that the Secretary determines by
regulation--
`(A) is manufactured primarily for transporting not more than 10
individuals;
`(B) is rated at not more than 10,000 pounds gross vehicle
weight;
`(C) is not a passenger automobile; and
`(D) is not a work truck.'.
(2) RULEMAKING- The Secretary of Transportation--
(A) shall issue proposed regulations implementing the amendment made
by paragraph (1) not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of
this Act; and
(B) shall issue final regulations implementing the amendment not later
than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act.
(3) EFFECTIVE DATE- Regulations prescribed under paragraph (1) shall
apply beginning with model year 2010.
(b) Applicability of Existing Standards- This section does not affect the
application of section 32902 of title 49, United States Code, to passenger
automobiles or non-passenger automobiles manufactured before model year
2010.
(c) Authorization of Appropriations- There are authorized to be
appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation $25,000,000 for each of the
fiscal years 2009 through 2021 to carry out the provisions of chapter 329 of
title 49, United States Code, as amended by this Act.
SEC. 106. ENSURING SAFETY OF PASSENGER AUTOMOBILES AND LIGHT TRUCKS.
(a) In General- The Secretary of Transportation shall exercise the
authority given the Secretary under Federal law to ensure that--
(1) passenger automobiles and light trucks (as such terms are defined in
section 32901 of title 49, United States Code) are safe;
(2) progress is made in improving the overall safety of passenger
automobiles and light trucks; and
(3) progress is made in maximizing United States employment.
(b) Vehicle Safety- Subchapter II of chapter 301 of title 49, United
States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following:
`Sec. 30129. Vehicle compatibility and aggressivity reduction standard
`(a) Standards- The Secretary of Transportation shall issue a motor
vehicle safety standard to reduce vehicle incompatibility and aggressivity
between passenger vehicles and non-passenger vehicles. The standard shall
address characteristics necessary to ensure better management of crash forces
in multiple vehicle frontal and side impact crashes between different types,
sizes, and weights of vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of 10,000 pounds or
less in order to decrease occupant deaths and injuries.
`(b) Consumer Information- The Secretary shall develop and implement a
public information side and frontal compatibility crash test program with
vehicle ratings based on risks to occupants, risks to other motorists, and
combined risks by vehicle make and model.'.
(1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of Transportation shall issue--
(A) a notice of a proposed rulemaking to implement section 30129 of
title 49, United States Code, not later than January 1, 2010; and
(B) a final rule to implement such section not later than December 31,
2011.
(2) EFFECTIVE DATE- Any requirement imposed under the final rule issued
under paragraph (1)(B) shall become fully effective not later than September
1, 2013.
(d) Conforming Amendment- The chapter analysis for chapter 301 of title
49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to
section 30128 the following:
`30129. Vehicle compatibility and aggressivity reduction
standard.'.
SEC. 107. ONBOARD FUEL ECONOMY INDICATORS AND DEVICES.
(a) In General- Chapter 329 of title 49, United States Code, is amended by
adding at the end the following:
`Sec. 32920. Fuel economy indicators and devices
`(a) In General- The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall prescribe a fuel
economy standard for passenger automobiles and light trucks manufactured by a
manufacturer in each model year beginning with model year 2014 that requires
each such automobile and light truck to be equipped with--
`(1) an onboard electronic instrument that provides real-time and
cumulative fuel economy data;
`(2) an onboard electronic instrument that signals a driver when
inadequate tire pressure may be affecting fuel economy; and
`(3) a device that will allow drivers to place the automobile or light
truck in a mode that will automatically produce greater fuel economy.
`(b) Exception- Subsection (a) shall not apply to any vehicle that is not
subject to an average fuel economy standard under section 32902(b).
`(c) Enforcement- Subchapter IV of chapter 301 shall apply to a fuel
economy standard prescribed under subsection (a) to the same extent and in the
same manner as if that standard were a motor vehicle safety standard under
chapter 301.'.
(b) Conforming Amendment- The chapter analysis for chapter 329 of title
49, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to
section 32919 the following:
`32920. Fuel economy indicators and devices.'.
SEC. 108. SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO CERTIFY BENEFITS.
Beginning with model year 2010, the Secretary of Transportation, in
consultation with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency,
shall annually determine and certify to Congress the reduction in United
States consumption of gasoline and petroleum distillates used for vehicle fuel
and the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions during the most recent year that
are attributable to the implementation of the average fuel economy standards
imposed under section 32902 of title 49, United States Code, as a result of
the amendments made by this Act.
SEC. 109. CREDIT TRADING PROGRAM.
Section 32903 of title 49, United States Code, is amended--
(1) by striking `passenger' each place it appears;
(2) by striking `section 32902(b)-(d) of this title' each place it
appears and inserting `subsection (a), (c), or (d) of section 32902';
(3) in subsection (a)(2), by striking `clause (1) of this subsection'
and inserting `paragraph (1)'; and
(4) by amending subsection (e) to read as follows:
`(e) Credit Trading Among Manufacturers- The Secretary of Transportation
may establish, by regulation, a corporate average fuel economy credit trading
program to allow manufacturers whose automobiles exceed the average fuel
economy standards prescribed under section 32902 to earn credits to be sold to
manufacturers whose automobiles fail to achieve the prescribed standards.'.
SEC. 110. REPORT TO CONGRESS.
Not later than December 31, 2014, the Secretary of Transportation shall
submit to Congress a report on the progress made by the automobile
manufacturing industry towards meeting the 35 miles per gallon average fuel
economy standard required under section 32902(b)(1) of title 49, United States
Code.
SEC. 111. LABELS FOR FUEL ECONOMY AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.
Section 32908 of title 49, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in subsection (a)(1), by striking `of this title' and inserting `and
a light truck manufactured by a manufacturer in a model year after model
year 2010; and';
(i) by striking `(1)' and inserting the following:
(ii) by moving subparagraphs (A) through (F) 2 ems to the
right;
(iii) by redesignating subparagraph (F) as subparagraph (H);
and
(iv) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following:
`(F) a label (or a logo imprinted on a label required under this
paragraph) that--
`(i) reflects the performance of an automobile based upon criteria
developed by the Administrator to reflect the fuel economy and greenhouse
gas and other emissions consequences of operating the automobile over its
likely useful life;
`(ii) permits consumers to compare performance results under clause
(i) among all passenger automobiles and light duty trucks; and
`(iii) is designed to encourage the manufacture and sale of passenger
automobiles and light trucks that meet or exceed applicable fuel economy
standards under section 32902.
`(G) a fuelstar under paragraph (5).';
(i) by striking `(2)' and inserting the following:
`(2) REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPLIANCE- '; and
(ii) by moving the text 2 ems to the right;
(i) by striking `(3)' and inserting the following:
`(3) DEDICATED AUTOMOBILES- '; and
(ii) by moving the text 2 ems to the right; and
(D) by adding at the end the following:
`(4) GREEN LABEL PROGRAM-
`(A) MARKETING ANALYSIS- Not later than 2 years after the date of the
enactment of the Fuel Economy Improvement Act, the Administrator shall
complete a study of social marketing strategies with the goal of
maximizing consumer understanding of point-of-sale labels or logos
described in paragraph (1)(F).
`(B) ELIGIBILITY- Not later than 3 years after the date described in
subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall issue requirements for the label
or logo required under paragraph (1)(F) to ensure that a passenger
automobile or light truck is not eligible for the label or logo unless
it--
`(i) meets or exceeds the applicable fuel economy standard;
or
`(ii) will have the lowest greenhouse gas emissions over the useful
life of the vehicle of all vehicles in the vehicle class to which it
belongs in that model year.
`(C) CRITERIA- In developing criteria for the label or logo described
in paragraph (1)(F), the Administrator shall consider--
`(i) the recyclability of the automobile;
`(ii) any other pollutants or harmful byproducts related to the
automobile, which may include those generated during manufacture of the
automobile, those issued during use of the automobile, or those
generated after the automobile ceases to be operated; and
`(iii) other appropriate factors
`(A) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of Transportation shall establish a
program, which shall be known as the `Fuelstar Program', under which stars
shall be imprinted on or attached to the label required under paragraph
(1).
`(B) GREEN STARS- Under the Fuelstar Program, a manufacturer may
include on the label maintained on an automobile under paragraph
(1)--
`(i) 1 green star for any automobile that meets the average fuel
economy standard for the model year under section 32902; and
`(ii) 1 additional green star for each 2 miles per gallon by which
the automobile exceeds such standard.
`(C) GOLD STARS- Under the Fuelstar Program, a manufacturer may
include a gold star on the label required under paragraph (1)
on--
`(i) a passenger automobile with a fuel economy of at least 50 miles
per gallon; and
`(ii) a light truck with a fuel economy of at least 37 miles per
gallon.'.
Subtitle B--Improving Fuel Efficiency
SEC. 121. HELPING CONSUMERS TO PURCHASE MORE FUEL-EFFICIENT
AUTOMOBILES.
(a) Repeal of Limit on Number of Cars Eligible for Credit- Section 30B of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to alternative motor vehicle
credit) is amended by striking subsection (f).
(b) Emissions Standards- Clause (iv) of section 30B(c)(3)(A) of such Code
is amended to read as follows:
`(iv) for 2004 and later model vehicles, has received a certificate
that such vehicle meets or exceeds the Bin 5 Tier II emission standard
established in regulations prescribed by the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency under section 202(i) of the Clean Air
Act for that make and model year vehicle,'.
(c) Effective Date- The amendments made by this section shall apply to
property placed in service after the date of the enactment of this Act.
SEC. 122. TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT CORRIDORS.
(a) Definitions- In this section, the following definitions apply:
(1) DEFINITIONS FROM TITLE 49, UNITED STATES CODE- The terms `capital
project', `local governmental authority', `mass transportation', and
`urbanized area' have the meanings such terms have under section 5302 of
title 49, United States Code.
(2) STATE- The term `State' means a State of the United States, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam,
American Samoa, and the United States Virgin Islands.
(3) TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT CORRIDOR- The term `transit-oriented
development corridor' means rights-of-way for fixed-guideway mass
transportation facilities, including commercial development that is
connected with any such facility physically and functionally.
(b) In General- In consultation with State transportation departments and
metropolitan planning organizations, the Secretary of Transportation shall
designate, in urbanized areas, at least 20 transit-oriented development
corridors by 2015 and 50 transit-oriented development corridors by 2025.
(c) Transit Grants- The Secretary of Transportation shall award grants to
a State or local governmental authority to construct or improve transit
facilities, bicycle transportation facilities, and pedestrian walkways in a
transit-oriented development corridor, including capital projects.
(d) Research and Development- In order to support effective deployment of
grants and incentives under this section, the Secretary of Transportation
shall establish a transit-oriented development corridors research and
development program for the conduct of research on best practices and
performance criteria for transit-oriented development corridors.
(e) Authorization of Appropriations- There are authorized to be
appropriated to carry out this section $500,000,000 for each of fiscal years
2007 through 2016, of which $2,000,000 per fiscal year is authorized for the
research and development program under subsection (d).
SEC. 123. ENERGY-EFFICIENT MOTOR VEHICLE MANUFACTURING CREDIT.
(a) In General- Subpart B of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to foreign tax credit, etc.) is
amended by adding at the end the following new section:
`SEC. 30D. ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR VEHICLES MANUFACTURING CREDIT.
`(a) Credit Allowed- In the case of an eligible taxpayer, subject to a
credit allocation under subsection (e) to such eligible taxpayer, there shall
be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable
year to an amount equal to the sum of--
`(1) the initial investment credit determined under subsection (b) for
the taxable year,
`(2) the fuel economy achievement credit determined under subsection (c)
for such taxable year, and
`(3) the eligible components R&D credit determined under subsection
(d) for such taxable year.
`(b) Initial Investment Credit- For purposes of this section, the initial
investment credit is equal to 20 percent of the qualified investment of an
eligible taxpayer with respect to energy efficient motor vehicles during the
taxable year beginning in 2008.
`(c) Fuel Economy Achievement Credit- For purposes of this section--
`(1) IN GENERAL- In the case of an eligible taxpayer who meets the
requirements of paragraph (2) for a model year ending in a taxable year
specified in the table contained in paragraph (3), the fuel economy
achievement credit for such taxable year is equal to 30 percent of the sum
of--
`(A) at the election of the eligible taxpayer, such qualified
investment for any preceding taxable year beginning after 2007 if such
taxable year has not previously been taken into account under this
subsection by such taxpayer, plus
`(B) at the election of the eligible taxpayer, the qualified
investment with respect to energy efficient motor vehicles of the eligible
taxpayer for the taxable year beginning in 2017.
`(2) DEMONSTRATED COMBINED FLEET ECONOMY IMPROVEMENTS- The requirements
of this paragraph are met for any model year ending in a taxable year if the
eligible taxpayer can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Secretary that
the percentage by which the taxpayer's overall combined fuel economy
standard for the taxpayer's vehicle fleet for such model year exceeds such
standard for such taxpayer's 2007 model year as reported to the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration under section 32907 of title 49,
United States Code, is not less than the percentage determined for such
model year under paragraph (3).
`(3) PERCENTAGE INCREASE- The percentage determined under this paragraph
for any taxable year is equal to--
`Model year ending in
Percentage
taxable year:
increase:
2010
--5
2011
--10
2012
--15
2013
--20
2014
--27.5
2015
--35
2016
--42.5
2017
--50.
`(d) Eligible Components R&D Credit- For purposes of this section, the
eligible R&D credit for any taxable year is equal to 30 percent of the
research and development costs paid or incurred by an eligible taxpayer for
such taxable year with respect to eligible components used or to be used in
the manufacture of energy efficient motor vehicles.
`(1) INITIAL INVESTMENT CREDIT AND FUEL ECONOMY ACHIEVEMENT CREDIT-
Subject to paragraph (2), the aggregate amount of initial investment credits
and fuel economy achievement credits allowed under subsection (a) for any
taxable year beginning in a calendar year after 2007 shall be allocated by
the Secretary among all eligible taxpayers--
`(A) based on each eligible taxpayer's percentage of the total
qualified investment of all such taxpayers, and
`(B) such that such aggregate amount does not exceed--
`(i) $1,000,000,000, plus
`(ii) any amount of credit unallocated during any preceding calendar
year.
`(2) ELIGIBLE COMPONENTS R&D CREDIT- Of the dollar amount available
for allocation under paragraph (1) for any taxable year, 10 percent of such
amount shall be allocated in the same manner by the Secretary among all
eligible taxpayers with respect to the eligible components R&D
credit.
`(f) Qualified Investment- For purposes of this section--
`(1) IN GENERAL- The qualified investment for any taxable year is equal
to the incremental costs incurred during such taxable year--
`(A) to re-equip or expand any manufacturing facility of the eligible
taxpayer to produce energy efficient motor vehicles or to produce eligible
components, and
`(B) for engineering integration of such vehicles and components as
described in subsection (h).
`(2) ATTRIBUTION RULES- In the event a facility of the eligible taxpayer
produces both energy efficient motor vehicles and conventional motor
vehicles, or eligible and non-eligible components, only the qualified
investment attributable to production of energy efficient motor vehicles and
the research and development costs attributable to eligible components shall
be taken into account.
`(g) Energy Efficient Motor Vehicles and Eligible Components- For purposes
of this section--
`(1) ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR VEHICLE- The term `energy efficient motor
vehicle' means--
`(A) any new advanced lean burn technology motor vehicle (as defined
in section 30B(c)(3) determined without regard to subparagraph (A)(iv)(II)
thereof or the weight limitation under subparagraph (A)(iv)(I)
thereof),
`(B) any new qualified hybrid motor vehicle (as defined in section
30B(d)(3)(A) determined without regard to subparagraph (A)(ii)(II)
thereof, the weight limitation under subparagraph (A)(ii)(I) thereof, and
subparagraph (A)(iv) thereof), or
`(C) any other new technology motor vehicle identified by the
Secretary as offering a substantial increase in fuel economy.
`(2) ELIGIBLE COMPONENTS- The term `eligible component' means any
component inherent to any energy efficient motor vehicle, including--
`(A) with respect to any gasoline-electric new qualified hybrid motor
vehicle--
`(i) electric motor or generator,
`(ii) power split device,
`(iii) power control unit,
`(v) integrated starter generator, or
`(B) with respect to any new advanced lean burn technology motor
vehicle--
`(iii) fuel injection system, or
`(iv) after-treatment system, such as a particle filter or NOx
absorber, and
`(C) with respect to any energy efficient motor vehicle, any other
component approved by the Secretary.
`(h) Engineering Integration Costs- For purposes of subsection (f)(1)(B),
costs for engineering integration are costs incurred prior to the market
introduction of energy efficient vehicles for engineering tasks related
to--
`(1) incorporating eligible components into the design of energy
efficient motor vehicles, and
`(2) designing new tooling and equipment for production facilities which
produce eligible components or energy efficient motor vehicles.
`(i) Eligible Taxpayer- For purposes of this section, the term `eligible
taxpayer' means, with respect to any taxable year, any taxpayer if more than
25 percent of the taxpayer's gross receipts for the taxable year is derived
from the manufacture of motor vehicles or any component parts of such
vehicles.
`(j) Limitation Based on Amount of Tax- The credit allowed under
subsection (a) for the taxable year shall not exceed the excess of--
`(A) the regular tax liability (as defined in section 26(b)) for such
taxable year, plus
`(B) the tax imposed by section 55 for such taxable year,
over
`(2) the sum of the credits allowable under subpart A and sections 27,
30, 30B, and 30C for the taxable year.
`(k) Reduction in Basis- For purposes of this subtitle, if a credit is
allowed under this section for any expenditure with respect to any property,
the increase in the basis of such property which would (but for this
paragraph) result from such expenditure shall be reduced by the amount of the
credit so allowed.
`(1) COORDINATION WITH OTHER DEDUCTIONS AND CREDITS- The amount of any
deduction or other credit allowable under this chapter for any cost taken
into account in determining the amount of the credit under subsection (a)
shall be reduced by the amount of such credit attributable to such
cost.
`(2) RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COSTS-
`(A) IN GENERAL- Except as provided in subparagraph (B), any amount
described in subsection (d) taken into account in determining the amount
of the credit under subsection (a) for any taxable year shall not be taken
into account for purposes of determining the credit under section 41 for
such taxable year.
`(B) COSTS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DETERMINING BASE PERIOD RESEARCH
EXPENSES- Any amounts described in subsection (d) taken into account in
determining the amount of the credit under subsection (a) for any taxable
year which are qualified research expenses (within the meaning of section
41(b)) shall be taken into account in determining base period research
expenses for purposes of applying section 41 to subsequent taxable
years.
`(m) Business Carryovers Allowed- If the credit allowable under subsection
(a) for a taxable year exceeds the limitation under subsection (j) for such
taxable year, such excess (to the extent of the credit allowable with respect
to property subject to the allowance for depreciation) shall be allowed as a
credit carryback and carryforward under rules similar to the rules of section
39.
`(n) Definitions and Special Rules- For purposes of this section--
`(1) DEFINITIONS- Any term which is used in this section and in chapter
329 of title 49, United States Code, shall have the meaning given such term
by such chapter.
`(2) SPECIAL RULES- Rules similar to the rules of paragraphs (4) and (5)
of section 179A(e) and paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 41(f) shall
apply.
`(o) Election Not To Take Credit- No credit shall be allowed under
subsection (a) for any property if the taxpayer elects not to have this
section apply to such property.
`(p) Regulations- The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as
necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.
`(q) Termination- This section shall not apply to any qualified investment
made after December 31, 2017.'.
(b) Conforming Amendments-
(1) Section 1016(a) of such Code is amended by striking `and' at the end
of paragraph (36), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (37) and
inserting `, and', and by adding at the end the following new
paragraph:
`(38) to the extent provided in section 30D(k).'.
(2) Section 6501(m) of such Code is amended by inserting `30D(o),' after
`30C(e)(5),'.
(3) The table of sections for subpart B of part IV of subchapter A of
chapter 1 of such Code is amended by inserting after the item relating to
section 30C the following new item:
`Sec. 30D. Energy efficient motor vehicles manufacturing credit.'.
(c) Effective Date- The amendments made by this subsection shall apply to
amounts incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007.
SEC. 124. FUEL EFFICIENCY STANDARDS FOR REPLACEMENT TIRES.
(a) Standards for Tires Manufactured for Interstate Commerce- Section
30123 of title 49, United States Code, is amended--
(1) in subsection (b), by inserting after the first sentence the
following: `The grading system shall include standards for rating the fuel
economy of tires designed for use on passenger cars and light trucks.';
and
(2) by adding at the end of the following:
`(d) National Tire Fuel Economy Program- (1) Not later than March 31,
2008, the Secretary shall establish a national tire fuel economy program for
tires designed for use on passenger cars and light trucks.
`(2) The program established under paragraph (1) shall include the
following:
`(A) Policies and procedures for testing and labeling tires for fuel
economy to inform tire purchasers of the fuel economy of tires.
`(B) Policies and procedures to promote the purchase of energy-efficient
replacement tires, including policies and procedures related to the
following:
`(i) Development of incentives for the purchase of energy-efficient
replacement tires.
`(ii) Use of the Internet to promote the use of energy-efficient
replacement tires.
`(iii) Publication and distribution of fuel economy guide
booklets.
`(C) Regulations that require tire retailers to provide tire purchasers
with fuel economy information on tires, promulgated by the Secretary.
`(D) Regulations that establish minimum fuel economy standards for
tires, promulgated by the Secretary.
`(3) The minimum fuel economy standards for tires shall, established
pursuant to paragraph (2)(D)--
`(A) ensure that the average fuel economy of replacement tires is equal
to or better than the average fuel economy of tires sold as original
equipment;
`(B) secure the maximum technically feasible and cost-effective fuel
savings;
`(C) not adversely affect tire safety;
`(D) not adversely affect the average tire life of replacement
tires;
`(E) incorporate the results from--
`(i) laboratory testing; and
`(ii) to the extent appropriate and available, on-road fleet testing
programs conducted by manufacturers; and
`(F) not adversely affect efforts to manage scrap tires.
`(4) The regulations, policies, procedures, and standards developed under
paragraphs (2) and (3) shall apply to all tire types and models that are
covered by section 575.104 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations (commonly
known as the `Uniform Tire Quality Grading Standards'), or any successor
regulation.
`(5) Not less than once every 3 years, the Secretary shall review the
minimum fuel economy standards in effect for tires under this subsection and
revise the standards as necessary to ensure compliance with requirements under
paragraph (3). The Secretary may not reduce the average fuel economy standards
applicable to replacement tires.
`(6) Nothing in this section shall be construed to preempt any provision
of State law relating to higher fuel economy standards applicable to
replacement tires designed for use on passenger cars and light trucks.
`(7) Nothing in this section shall apply to the following:
`(A) A tire or group of tires with the same product identification
number, plant, and year, for which the volume of tires produced or imported
is less than 15,000 annually.
`(B) A deep tread, winter-type snow tire, space-saver tire, or temporary
use spare tire.
`(C) A tire with a normal rim diameter of 12 inches or less.
`(E) A tire manufactured specifically for use in an off-road motorized
recreational vehicle.
`(8) In this subsection, the term `fuel economy', with respect to a tire,
means the extent to which the tire contributes to the fuel efficiency of the
motor vehicle on which the tire is mounted.'.
(b) Conforming Amendment- Section 30103(b)(1) of title 49, United States
Code, is amended by striking `When' and inserting `Except as provided in
section 30123(d) of this title, when'.
SEC. 125. FUEL ECONOMY FOR HEAVY DUTY TRUCKS.
Part C of subtitle VI of title 49, United States Code, is amended by
inserting after chapter 329 the following:
`CHAPTER 330--HEAVY DUTY MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS
`Chapter 330--Heavy Duty Motor Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards
`33001. Purpose and policy.
`33003. Testing and assessment.
`33005. Authorization of appropriations.
`Sec. 33001. Purpose and policy
`The purpose of this chapter is to reduce petroleum consumption by heavy
duty motor vehicles.
`Sec. 33002. Definition
`In this chapter, the term `heavy duty motor vehicle'--
`(1) means a vehicle having a gross vehicle weight rating of at least
10,000 pounds that is driven or drawn by mechanical power and manufactured
primarily for use on public streets, roads, and highways; and
`(2) does not include a vehicle operated only on a rail line.
`Sec. 33003. Testing and assessment
`(a) In General- The Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
(referred to in this section as the `Administrator') shall develop and
coordinate a national testing and assessment program to--
`(1) calculate the fuel economy of heavy duty motor vehicles; and
`(2) assess the fuel economy that heavy duty motor vehicles could attain
through available technology.
`(b) Testing- Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of
this chapter, the Administrator shall design and implement a national testing
program to calculate the fuel economy of heavy duty motor vehicles that is
modeled on the fuel economy program established under chapter 329.
`(c) Assessment- The Administrator shall consult with the Secretary of
Transportation regarding the assessment of available technologies to enhance
the fuel economy of heavy duty motor vehicles to ensure that vehicle use and
needs are appropriately considered.
`(d) Reports to Congress-
`(1) INITIAL REPORT- Not later than 2 years after the date of the
enactment of this chapter, the Administrator shall submit a report to
Congress regarding the results of the assessment of available technologies
to improve the fuel economy of heavy duty motor vehicles.
`(2) BIENNIAL REPORTS- Not less frequently than once every 2 years, the
Administrator shall submit a report to Congress that addresses the fuel
economy of heavy duty vehicles.
`Sec. 33004. Standards
`(a) In General- Not later than 18 months after the completion of the
testing and assessments under section 33003 and not later than 18 months
before the beginning of a model year, the Secretary of Transportation shall
prescribe by regulation average fuel economy standards for heavy duty motor
vehicles manufactured for such model year. Each standard shall be the maximum
feasible average fuel economy level that the Secretary determines that
manufacturers can achieve for that model year. The Secretary may prescribe
separate standards for different classes of heavy duty motor vehicles.
`(b) Considerations and Consultation- In determining maximum feasible
average fuel economy, the Secretary shall consider--
`(1) relevant available heavy duty motor vehicle fuel consumption
information;
`(2) technological feasibility;
`(3) economic practicability;
`(4) the desirability of reducing United States dependence on oil;
`(5) the effects of average fuel economy standards on vehicle
safety;
`(6) the effects of average fuel economy standards on levels of
employment and competitiveness of the heavy duty motor vehicle manufacturing
industry; and
`(7) the extent to which the standard will carry out the purpose
described in section 33001.
`(c) Cooperation- The Secretary may advise, assist, and cooperate with
departments, agencies, and instrumentalities of the Federal Government,
States, and other public and private agencies in developing fuel economy
standards for heavy duty motor vehicles.
`(d) 5-Year Plan for Testing Standards-
`(1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary shall establish, periodically review, and
continually update a 5-year plan for testing fuel economy standards
prescribed under this chapter for heavy duty motor vehicles.
`(2) PRIORITIES- In establishing testing priorities, the Secretary shall
consider appropriate factors that are consistent with the purpose described
in section 33001 and the Secretary's other duties and powers under this
chapter.
`Sec. 33005. Authorization of appropriations
`There are authorized to be appropriated, for each of the fiscal years
2008 through 2013, such sums as may be necessary to carry out this
chapter.'.
SEC. 126. IDLING REDUCTION TAX CREDIT.
(a) In General- Subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to business-related credits) is
amended by adding at the end the following new section:
`SEC. 45O. IDLING REDUCTION CREDIT.
`(a) General Rule- For purposes of section 38, the idling reduction tax
credit determined under this section for the taxable year is an amount equal
to 50 percent of the amount paid or incurred for the purchase and installation
of each qualifying idling reduction device or qualifying idle reduction
infrastructure placed in service by the taxpayer during the taxable year.
`(b) Limitation- The maximum amount allowed as a credit under subsection
(a) shall not exceed $3,500 per device or per infrastructure.
`(c) Definitions- For purposes of subsection (a)--
`(1) QUALIFYING IDLING REDUCTION DEVICE- The term `qualifying idling
reduction device' means any device or system of devices which--
`(A) is installed on a heavy-duty diesel-powered on-highway
vehicle,
`(B) is designed to provide to such vehicle those services (such as
heat, air conditioning, or electricity) that would otherwise require the
operation of the main drive engine while the vehicle is temporarily parked
or remains stationary using either--
`(i) an all electric unit, such as a battery powered unit or from
grid-supplied electricity, or
`(ii) a dual fuel unit powered by diesel or other fuels, and capable
of providing such services from grid-supplied electricity or on-truck
batteries alone,
`(C) the original use of which commences with the taxpayer,
`(D) is acquired for use by the taxpayer and not for resale,
and
`(E) is certified by the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Secretary of
Transportation, to reduce long-duration idling of such vehicle at a motor
vehicle rest stop or other location where such vehicles are temporarily
parked or remain stationary.
`(2) HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL-POWERED ON-HIGHWAY VEHICLE- The term `heavy-duty
diesel-powered on-highway vehicle' means any vehicle, machine, tractor,
trailer, or semi-trailer propelled or drawn by mechanical power and used
upon the highways in the transportation of passengers or property, or any
combination thereof determined by the Federal Highway Administration.
`(3) LONG-DURATION IDLING- The term `long-duration idling' means the
operation of a main drive engine, for a period greater than 15 consecutive
minutes, where the main drive engine is not engaged in gear. Such term does
not apply to routine stoppages associated with traffic movement or
congestion.
`(4) QUALIFYING IDLE REDUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE- The term `qualifying idle
reduction infrastructure' means either--
`(A) off-truck equipment to supply electric power, including electric
receptacles, boxes, wiring, conduit, and other connections to one truck
space, or
`(B) off-truck equipment that directly provides air conditioning,
heating, electric power, and other connections and services to one truck
space.
`(d) No Double Benefit- For purposes of this section--
`(1) REDUCTION IN BASIS- If a credit is determined under this section
with respect to any property by reason of expenditures described in
subsection (a), the basis of such property shall be reduced by the amount of
the credit so determined.
`(2) OTHER DEDUCTIONS AND CREDITS- No deduction or credit shall be
allowed under any other provision of this chapter with respect to the amount
of the credit determined under this section.
`(e) Election Not To Claim Credit- This section shall not apply to a
taxpayer for any taxable year if such taxpayer elects to have this section not
apply for such taxable year.'.
(b) Credit To Be Part of General Business Credit- Subsection (b) of
section 38 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to general business
credit) is amended by striking `plus' at the end of paragraph (30), by
striking the period at the end of paragraph (31) and inserting `, plus' , and
by adding at the end the following new paragraph:
`(32) the idling reduction tax credit determined under section
45O(a).'.
(c) Conforming Amendments-
(1) The table of sections for subpart D of part IV of subchapter A of
chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by inserting after
the item relating to section 45N the following new item:
`Sec. 45O. Idling reduction credit.'.
(2) Section 1016(a) of such Code is amended by striking `and' at the end
of paragraph (36), by striking the period at the end of paragraph (37) and
inserting `, and', and by adding at the end the following:
`(38) in the case of a facility with respect to which a credit was
allowed under section 45O, to the extent provided in section
45O(d)(1).'.
(3) Section 6501(m) of such Code is amended by inserting `45O(e),' after
`45D(c)(4),'.
(d) Effective Date- The amendments made by this section shall apply to
taxable years beginning after December 31, 2006.
(e) Determination of Certification Standards by Secretary of Energy for
Certifying Idling Reduction Devices- Not later than 6 months after the date of
the enactment of this Act and in order to reduce air pollution and fuel
consumption, the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Secretary of Transportation,
shall publish the standards under which the Secretary, in consultation with
the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Secretary of
Transportation, will, for purposes of section 45O of the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986 (as added by this section), certify the idling reduction devices and
idling reduction infrastructure which will reduce long-duration idling of
vehicles at motor vehicle rest stops or other locations where such vehicles
are temporarily parked or remain stationary in order to reduce air pollution
and fuel consumption.
SEC. 127. REPEAL OF PREEMPTION OF STATE LAW RELATING TO AUTOMOBILE FUEL
ECONOMY STANDARDS.
Section 32919 of title 49, United States Code, is repealed.
SEC. 128. FEDERAL FLEET REQUIREMENTS.
(1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary of Energy shall issue regulations for
Federal fleets subject to the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13201 et
seq.) requiring that not later than fiscal year 2016 each Federal agency
achieve at least a 30 percent reduction in petroleum consumption, as
calculated from the baseline established by the Secretary for fiscal year
2005.
(2) REQUIREMENT- Beginning not later than fiscal year 2016, of the
Federal vehicles required to be alternative fueled vehicles under title V of
the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13251 et seq.), at least 30 percent
shall be hybrid motor vehicles (including plug-in hybrid motor vehicles) or
new advanced lean burn technology motor vehicles (as defined in section
30B(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986).
(b) Inclusion of Electric Drive in Energy Policy Act of 1992- Section
508(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13258(a)) is amended--
(1) by striking `The Secretary' and inserting the following:
`(1) ALLOCATION- The Secretary'; and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
`(2) ELECTRIC VEHICLES- Not later than January 31, 2009, the Secretary
shall--
`(A) allocate credit in an amount to be determined by the Secretary
for--
`(I) a light-duty hybrid motor vehicle;
`(II) a plug-in hybrid motor vehicle;
`(III) a fuel cell electric vehicle;
`(IV) a medium- or heavy-duty hybrid motor vehicle;
`(V) a neighborhood electric vehicle; or
`(VI) a medium- or heavy-duty dedicated vehicle;
and
`(ii) investment in qualified alternative fuel infrastructure or
nonroad equipment, as determined by the Secretary; and
`(B) allocate more than 1, but not more than 5, credits for investment
in an emerging technology relating to any vehicle described in
subparagraph (A) to encourage--
`(i) a reduction in petroleum demand;
`(ii) technological advancement; and
`(iii) environmental safety.'.
(c) Authorization of Appropriations- There are authorized to be
appropriated to carry out this section, and the amendments made by subsection
(b), $10,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2008 through 2013.
TITLE II--ENERGY INDEPENDENCE THROUGH RENEWABLE FUELS
Subtitle A--Advanced Clean Fuels
SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS.
Section 211(o)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(1)) is
amended--
(1) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) through (D) as subparagraphs (C),
(P), (L), and (M), respectively;
(2) by inserting before subparagraph (C) (as redesignated by paragraph
(1)) the following:
`(A) ACADEMY- The term `Academy' means the National Academy of
Sciences.
`(B) ADVERSE LIFECYCLE IMPACT- The term `adverse lifecycle impact'
means, with respect to increases in the volume of renewable fuel sold or
dispensed to consumers in the United States for a calendar year, that the
increases, as determined by the Administrator, would reasonably be
anticipated--
`(i) to result in an inconsistency or material interference with the
implementation of or compliance with any Federal environmental law
(including a regulation);
`(ii) to result in a material increase in--
`(I) air pollution, including global warming
pollution;
`(II) water pollution; or
`(III) human exposure to pesticides;
`(iii) to result in a substantial increase in deforestation on a
global or national scale;
`(iv) to result in a substantial adverse effect on land conservation
and wildlife habitat;
`(v) to result in any other substantial adverse effect on the
environment;
`(vi) to result in a substantial adverse effect on food or feed
production or prices, as determined in consultation with the Secretary
of Agriculture;
`(vii) to result in a substantial adverse effect on long-term
agricultural productivity, including effects on soils and water
resources, as determined in consultation with the Secretary of
Agriculture; or
`(viii) not to increase the supply of clean, domestic
energy;';
(3) in subparagraph (C) (as redesignated by paragraph (1)), by striking
clause (viii) and inserting the following:
`(viii) separated food waste, yard waste, and lawn debris recovered
from municipal solid waste.';
(4) by inserting after subparagraph (C) (as redesignated by paragraph
(1)) the following:
`(D) CONVENTIONAL TRANSPORTATION FUEL- The term `conventional
transportation fuel' means any fossil-fuel-based transportation fuel used
in the United States as of the date of enactment of the Energy
Independence, Clean Air, and Climate Security Act of 2007.
`(E) ECOSYSTEM CONVERSION- The term `ecosystem conversion' means an
alteration of an ecologically significant native habitat (including
modification of hydrology and dominant vegetative and other species) to an
extent at which the native habitat no longer supports most dominant native
species or ecological processes.
`(F) FIREWISE ZONE- The term `firewise zone' means the immediate
vicinity of a building or other area regularly occupied by individuals, or
any public infrastructure, that is at risk of wildfire.
`(G) FUEL EMISSION BASELINE- The term `fuel emission baseline' means
the average lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy of the
fossil fuel component of conventional transportation fuels in commerce in
the United States in calendar year 2008, as determined by the
Administrator under paragraph (11).
`(i) IN GENERAL- The term `fuel provider' means an obligated party
(as described in section 80.1106 of title 40, Code of Federal
Regulations (or a successor regulation)).
`(ii) INCLUSIONS- The term `fuel provider' includes, as the
Administrator determines to be appropriate, an individual or entity that
produces, blends, or imports gasoline or any other transportation fuel
in commerce in, or into, the United States.
`(I) GREENHOUSE GAS- The term `greenhouse gas' means any of--
`(iv) hydrofluorocarbons;
`(v) perfluorocarbons; and
`(vi) sulfur hexafluoride.
`(J) LIFECYCLE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS- The term `lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions' means, with respect to a transportation fuel,
the aggregate quantity of greenhouse gases emitted, directly or
indirectly, during production, feedstock production or extraction,
distribution, marketing, and use of the transportation fuel, or waste
disposal relating to the transportation fuel, as determined by the
Administrator under paragraph (11)(B).
`(i) IN GENERAL- The term `native habitat' means dynamic groupings
of native plant and animal communities that--
`(I) occur together on a landscape or in water; and
`(II) are connected through--
`(aa) similar ecological processes;
`(bb) underlying environmental features, such as geology; or
`(cc) environmental gradients, such as elevation.
`(ii) EXCLUSION- The term `native habitat' does not include land
that is or has been under agricultural production.';
(5) in clause (i) of subparagraph (L) (as redesignated by paragraph
(1)), by striking `The term' and inserting `Except as otherwise provided in
this subsection, the term';
(6) by inserting after subparagraph (M) (as redesignated by paragraph
(1)) the following:
`(N) TECHNICALLY INFEASIBLE- The term `technically infeasible', with
respect to compliance with a standard or requirement under this
subsection, means that adequate technology or infrastructure is not
reasonably anticipated to exist within a sufficient time to permit
compliance with the standard or requirement.
`(O) TRANSPORTATION FUEL- The term `transportation fuel' means fuel
used to power motor vehicles, nonroad engines, or aircraft.'.
SEC. 202. ADVANCED CLEAN FUEL PROGRAM.
(a) Advanced Clean Fuel Performance Standard- Section 211(o) of the Clean
Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
`(11) ADVANCED CLEAN FUEL PERFORMANCE STANDARD-
`(A) DEFINITIONS- In this paragraph:
`(i) NATIONAL INTEREST LAND- The term `national interest land'
includes land that is within the National Wildlife Refuge System, the
National Park System, a National Monument, the National Wilderness
Preservation System, the National Landscape Conservation System, or the
National Forest System, that is Bureau of Land Management land protected
by statute, proclamation, or regulation from commercial timber
activities, or that is endangered or threatened species habitat, an
old-growth forest, or an inventoried roadless area.
`(ii) PHASE II RENEWABLE FUEL- The term `phase II renewable fuel'
means renewable fuel the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of which are
50 percent to 74 percent lower than the fuel emission
baseline.
`(iii) PHASE III RENEWABLE FUEL- The term `phase III renewable fuel'
means renewable fuel the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of which are
at least 75 percent lower than the fuel emission baseline.
`(I) IN GENERAL- The term `renewable biomass' means any organic
matter that is available on a renewable or recurring
basis.
`(II) INCLUSIONS- The term `renewable biomass'
includes--
`(aa) renewable plant material, including--
`(AA) feed grains;
`(BB) other agricultural commodities;
`(CC) other plants and trees grown for energy production; and
`(DD) algae; and
`(bb) waste material, including--
`(AA) crop residue;
`(BB) other vegetative waste material (including wood waste and wood
residues);
`(CC) animal waste and byproducts (including fats, oils, greases, and
manure); and
`(DD) separated food waste, yard waste, and lawn debris recovered from
municipal solid waste.
`(III) EXCLUSIONS- The term `renewable biomass' does not include
biomass derived from--
`(aa) land on which ecosystem conversion has occurred after the date
of enactment of the Energy Independence, Clean Air, and Climate Security Act of
2007, as determined by the Administrator;
`(bb) land enrolled in the conservation reserve program established
under subchapter B of chapter 1 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security
Act of 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3831 et seq.) or the wetlands reserve program established
under subchapter C of chapter 1 of subtitle D of title XII of the Food Security
Act of 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3837 et seq.), unless the biomass is produced in a manner
consistent with all applicable guidelines, and terms and conditions of any
applicable contract, under the program;
`(cc) any national interest land (other than land in a firewise
zone), except for harvest residue, mill waste, or pre-commercial thinnings
derived from national interest land assigned to timber production;
`(dd) recyclable postconsumer waste paper;
`(ee) painted, treated, or pressurized wood;
`(ff) wood contaminated with plastic or metals; or
`(gg) any material produced, harvested, acquired, transported, or
processed pursuant to an exemption from otherwise applicable Federal
environmental laws (including regulations).
`(I) IN GENERAL- The term `renewable fuel' means transportation
fuel that is not an ether and that--
`(aa)(AA) is produced from renewable biomass; or
`(BB) is natural gas produced from a biogas source, including a
landfill, sewage waste treatment plant, feedlot, or other place where decaying
organic material is found;
`(bb) is used to replace or reduce the quantity of fossil fuel
present in a fuel mixture used for transportation; and
`(cc) has lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions that are at least 20
percent lower than the fuel emission baseline.
`(II) INCLUSION- The term `renewable fuel' includes fuel meeting
the criteria in subclause (I) that is--
`(aa) cellulosic biomass ethanol and waste derived ethanol;
`(bb) biodiesel (as defined in section 312(f) of the Energy Policy
Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13220(f))) and any blending components derived from
renewable fuel (provided that only the renewable fuel portion of any such
blending component shall be considered part of the applicable volume under the
renewable fuel program established by this subsection); or
`(cc) fuel produced from pyrolysis or thermal conversion of renewable
biomass.
`(i) IN GENERAL- Not later than January 1, 2010, the Administrator
shall, by regulation--
`(I) establish a methodology for use in determining the lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions of transportation fuel in commerce,
including--
`(aa) conventional transportation fuel; and
`(bb) renewable fuel;
`(II) determine the fuel emission baseline;
`(III) establish a transportation fuel certification and marketing
process--
`(aa) to certify fuels that qualify as renewable fuel under this
paragraph;
`(bb) to determine the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of
conventional transportation fuels and renewable fuels being sold or introduced
into commerce in the United States; and
`(cc) to label and market conventional transportation fuel and
renewable fuel in a manner that indicates--
`(AA) the status of the fuel as conventional transportation fuel or renewable
fuel; and
`(BB) the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of the fuel; and
`(IV) in accordance with clause (ii), establish a requirement
applicable to each fuel provider to reduce the average lifecycle
greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy of the aggregate quantity
of transportation fuel produced, blended, or imported by the fuel
provider to a level that is, to the maximum extent
practicable--
`(aa) by not later than calendar year 2011, at least equal to or less
than the fuel emission baseline;
`(bb) by not later than calendar year 2015, 5 percent less than the
fuel emission baseline; and
`(cc) by not later than calendar year 2020, 10 percent less than the
fuel emission baseline.
`(ii) MAXIMUM REDUCTIONS-
`(I) IN GENERAL- In determining the maximum practicable level of
reduction under clause (i)(IV), the Administrator
shall--
`(aa) take into consideration the results of the applicable study
carried out under paragraph (12); and
`(bb) determine whether a level of reduction--
`(AA) is technically infeasible; or
`(BB) would result in 1 or more adverse lifecycle impacts that cannot be
adequately mitigated through regulatory or nonregulatory measures under
subclause (II).
`(aa) IN GENERAL- For the purpose of making a determination under
subclause (I)(bb)(BB), the Administrator, in consultation with the heads of
other appropriate Federal agencies, shall use the existing authorities of the
Administrator to mitigate, to the maximum extent practicable, using regulatory
or nonregulatory approaches as the Administrator determines to be appropriate,
adverse lifecycle impacts in accordance with a schedule that ensures that
mitigation measures are in place by a date sufficient to avoid adverse lifecycle
impacts.
`(bb) AIR QUALITY IMPACTS- For the purpose of this subclause, in the
case of any air quality-related adverse lifecycle impact resulting from
emissions from motor vehicles using renewable fuel, the Administrator shall
ensure, by regulation promulgated under this title, that gasoline containing
renewable fuel does not result in--
`(AA) average per-gallon motor vehicle emissions (measured on a mass basis)
of air pollutants in excess of those emissions attributable to gasoline sold or
introduced into commerce in the United States in calendar year 2007; or
`(BB) a violation of any motor vehicle emission or fuel content limitation
under any other provision of this Act.
`(iii) CALENDAR YEAR 2025 AND THEREAFTER- For calendar year 2025,
and each fifth calendar year thereafter, the Administrator, in
consultation with the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of
Energy, shall revise the applicable performance standard to require that
each fuel provider shall additionally reduce, to the maximum extent
practicable, the average lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of
energy of the aggregate quantity of transportation fuel introduced by
the fuel provider into commerce in the United States.
`(iv) REVISION OF REGULATIONS- In accordance with the purposes of
the Energy Independence, Clean Air, and Climate Security Act of 2007 ,
the Administrator may, as appropriate, revise the regulations
promulgated under clause (i) as necessary to reflect or respond to
changes in the transportation fuel market or other relevant
circumstances.
`(v) METHOD OF CALCULATION- In calculating the lifecycle greenhouse
gas emissions of hydrogen or electricity (when used as a transportation
fuel) pursuant to clause (i)(I), the Administrator shall--
`(I) include emissions resulting from the production of the
hydrogen or electricity; and
`(II) consider to be equivalent to the energy delivered by 1
gallon of ethanol the energy delivered by--
`(aa) 6.4 kilowatt-hours of electricity;
`(bb) 132 standard cubic feet of hydrogen; or
`(cc) 1.25 gallons of liquid hydrogen.
`(C) ELECTION TO PARTICIPATE- An electricity provider may elect to
participate in the program under this section if the electricity
provider--
`(i) provides and separately tracks electricity for transportation
through a meter that--
`(I) measures the electricity used for transportation separately
from electricity used for other purposes; and
`(II) allows for load management and time-of-use rates;
and
`(ii) generates more than 15 percent of the electricity sold by the
electricity provider from renewable energy sources.
`(i) IN GENERAL- The regulations promulgated to carry out this
paragraph shall permit fuel providers to receive credits for achieving,
during a calendar year, greater reductions in lifecycle greenhouse gas
emissions of the fuel produced, blended, or imported by the fuel
provider than are required under subparagraph (B)(i)(IV).
`(ii) METHOD OF CALCULATION- The number of credits received by a
fuel provider as described clause (i) for a calendar year shall be
calculated by multiplying--
`(I) the aggregate quantity of fuel produced, distributed, or
imported by the fuel provider in the calendar year; and
`(II) the difference between--
`(aa) the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of that quantity of
fuel; and
`(bb) the maximum lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of that quantity
of fuel permitted for the calendar year under subparagraph (B)(i)(VI).
`(E) COMPLIANCE- Each fuel provider subject to this paragraph shall
demonstrate compliance with this paragraph, including, as necessary,
through the use of credits banked or purchased.
`(F) NO EFFECT ON STATE AUTHORITY OR MORE STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS-
Nothing in this subsection--
`(i) affects the authority of a State to establish, or to maintain
in effect, any transportation fuel performance standard or other similar
standard that is more stringent than a standard established under this
paragraph; or
`(ii) supercedes or otherwise affects any more stringent requirement
under any other provision of this Act.'.
(b) Advanced Clean Fuel Volume Standard- Section 211(o)(2) of the Clean
Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)(2)) is amended--
(1) in subparagraph (B)--
(A) by striking the subparagraph designation and heading and all that
follows through `For the purpose' and inserting the following:
`(B) APPLICABLE VOLUME- For the purpose'; and
(B) by striking clauses (ii) through (iv); and
(2) by adding at the end the following:
`(C) ADVANCED CLEAN FUEL VOLUME STANDARD-
`(i) DEFINITION OF RENEWABLE FUEL- In this subparagraph, the term
`renewable fuel' has the meaning given the term in paragraph
(11).
`(ii) INCREASE IN RENEWABLE FUEL VOLUME-
`(I) IN GENERAL- Unless, based on the results of the study carried
out under paragraph (12), the Administrator determines that the total
applicable volume of renewable fuel specified in clause (iii) for a
calendar year would be technically infeasible, or would result in 1 or
more adverse lifecycle impacts that cannot be adequately mitigated
under subclause (V), the Administrator shall promulgate regulations
that require the aggregate quantity of transportation fuel sold or
introduced into commerce in the United States to contain such volume
of renewable fuel as the Administrator determines will result in the
total minimum volume for the calendar year specified in clause
(iii).
`(II) INCREASE- If the Administrator makes a determination under
subclause (I), the Administrator may promulgate regulations that
require such increase in the aggregate quantity of transportation fuel
sold or introduced into commerce in the United States as the
Administrator determines to be appropriate, with respect to the
determination under subclause (I).
`(III) SCHEDULE OF REGULATIONS- In implementing subclauses (I) and
(II), the Administrator shall--
`(aa) not later than January 1, 2010, promulgate regulations
establishing any total applicable volume requirements for calendar years 2011
through 2013; and
`(bb) not later than January 1, 2013, and every 3 years thereafter,
promulgate regulations establishing any total applicable volume requirements for
the 3-calendar-year period beginning with the calendar year after the calendar
year in which the regulations are promulgated.
`(IV) EFFECTIVE DATE- The regulations promulgated under subclauses
(I) and (II) shall take effect not sooner than 1 year after the date
of promulgation of the regulations.
`(aa) IN GENERAL- For purposes of this clause, the Administrator, in
consultation with the heads of other appropriate Federal agencies, shall use the
existing authorities of the Administrator to mitigate, to the maximum extent
practicable, using regulatory or nonregulatory approaches as the Administrator
determines to be appropriate, adverse lifecycle impacts in accordance with a
schedule that ensures that mitigation measures are in place by a date sufficient
to avoid adverse lifecycle impacts.
`(bb) AIR QUALITY IMPACTS- For the purpose of this subclause, in the
case of any air quality-related adverse lifecycle impact resulting from
emissions from motor vehicles using renewable fuel, the Administrator shall
ensure, by regulation, that gasoline containing renewable fuel does not result
in--
`(AA) average per gallon motor vehicle emissions (measured on a mass basis)
of air pollutants in excess of the quantity of those emissions attributable to
gasoline sold or introduced into commerce in the United States during calendar
year 2007; or
`(BB) a violation of any motor vehicle emission or fuel content limitation
under any other provision of this Act.
`(iii) TOTAL ADVANCED CLEAN FUEL VOLUME-
`(I) CALENDAR YEARS 2011 THROUGH 2025- For the purpose of clause
(ii), the total applicable volumes for any of calendar years 2011
through 2025 (including the minimum additional volumes required under
subparagraph (B)) shall be determined in accordance with the following
table:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calendar year Total applicable volume of renewable fuel (in billions of gallons) Total volume of phase II renewable fuel (in billions of gallons) Total volume of phase III renewable fuel (in billions of gallons)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2011 12.0 0 0
2012 14.0 0.5 0.25
2013 16.0 0.5 0.25
2014 18.0 1.5 0.75
2015 20.0 1.5 0.75
2016 22.0 3.0 1.5
2017 24.0 3.0 1.5
2018 26.0 5.0 2.5
2019 28.0 5.0 2.5
2020 30.0 8.0 4.0
2021 31.0 8.0 4.0
2022 32.0 11.0 6.0
2023 33.0 11.0 6.0
2024 34.0 11.0 6.0
2025 35.0 13.0 8.0.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
`(II) CALENDAR YEAR 2026 AND THEREAFTER- Subject to clause (iv),
for the purposes of clause (ii), the total applicable volume for
calendar year 2026 and each calendar year thereafter shall be
determined by the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of
Agriculture and the Secretary of Energy, based on a review of the
implementation of this subparagraph and subparagraph (B) during
calendar years 2011 through 2025, including a review
of--
`(aa) the impact of renewable fuel, phase II renewable fuel, and
phase III renewable fuel on the environment of the United States and the world;
and
`(bb) the impact of the use of renewable fuel, phase II renewable
fuel, and phase III renewable fuel on other factors, including job creation,
rural economic development, domestic energy production, and the energy security
of the United States.
`(III) REVISION OF REGULATIONS- In accordance with the purposes of
the Energy Independence, Clean Air, and Climate Security Act of 2007 ,
the Administrator may, as appropriate, revise the regulations
promulgated pursuant to clause (i) as the Administrator determines to
be necessary to reflect or respond to--
`(aa) changes in the transportation fuel market; or
`(bb) other relevant circumstances.
`(iv) CALCULATION OF TOTAL ADVANCED CLEAN FUEL VOLUME- For the
purpose of clause (iii)(II), the total applicable volume for calendar
year 2026 and each calendar year thereafter shall be equal to the
product obtained by multiplying--
`(I) the number of gallons of gasoline that the Administrator
estimates will be sold or introduced into commerce in the calendar
year; and
`(II) the ratio that, as applicable--
`(aa) 35,000,000,000 gallons of renewable fuel (including up to
13,000,000,000 gallons of phase II renewable fuel and up to 8,000,000,000
gallons of phase III renewable fuel); bears to
`(bb) the number of gallons of conventional transportation fuel sold
or introduced into commerce in calendar year 2025.
`(v) NO EFFECT ON MORE STRINGENT REQUIREMENTS- Nothing in this
subparagraph supercedes or otherwise affects any more stringent
requirement under any other provision of this Act.'.
(c) Study- Section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)) (as
amended by subsection (a)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
`(12) STUDY ON EFFECTS OF INCREASE IN RENEWABLE FUEL VOLUME-
`(A) IN GENERAL- The Administrator shall offer to enter into an
agreement with the Academy under which the Academy shall periodically
carry out, and submit to Congress and the Administrator a report on the
results of, a study to determine whether the total applicable volume of
renewable fuel specified in paragraph (2)(C)(iii) or the advanced clean
fuel performance standards specified in paragraph (11)(B) for any calendar
year would reasonably be anticipated--
`(i) to result in 1 or more adverse lifecycle impacts;
or
`(ii) to be technically infeasible.
`(B) SCHEDULE OF STUDIES- In implementing subparagraph (A), the
Administrator shall--
`(i) not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this
paragraph, offer to enter into an agreement with the Academy under which
the Academy shall conduct the study described in subparagraph (A) with
respect to calendar years 2011 through 2013; and
`(ii) not later than 3 years after the deadline specified in clause
(i), and every 3 years thereafter, offer to enter into an agreement with
the Academy under which the Academy shall conduct the study described in
subparagraph (A) with respect to the 3-calendar-year period following
the most recent 3-calendar-year period studied by the Academy under this
paragraph.
`(C) INITIAL STUDY OF ANALYTICAL METHODS- The first study conducted
under this paragraph shall include an identification and development of
analytical methods for use--
`(i) in determining the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of
conventional transportation fuel and renewable fuel; and
`(ii) in assessing the impacts of increasing volumes of renewable
fuel in the transportation fuel supply on--
`(I) the environment of the United States and the world, taking
into consideration potential additional warming of the oceans and
surface of Earth as a result of changes in land use and cover;
and
`(II) food and feedstock supply and prices.'.
(d) Opt-In Areas Under Reformulated Gasoline Program- Section 211(k)(6)(B)
of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(k)(6)(B)) is amended--
(1) in the subparagraph heading, by striking `OZONE TRANSPORT REGION'
and inserting `ADDITIONAL OPT-IN AREAS'; and
(A) by striking `in the ozone transport region established by section
184(a)'; and
(B) by striking `(other than an area classified as a marginal,
moderate, serious, or severe ozone nonattainment area under subpart 2 of
part D of title I)'.
SEC. 203. VOLUNTARY RENEWABLE FUELS LABELING PROGRAM.
Section 211(o) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(o)) (as amended by
section 202(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
`(13) VOLUNTARY RENEWABLE FUELS LABELING PROGRAM-
`(A) DEFINITIONS- In this paragraph:
`(i) PROGRAM- The term `Program' means the Voluntary Renewable Fuels
Labeling Program established under subparagraph (B).
`(ii) RENEWABLE FUEL- The term `renewable fuel' has the meaning
given the term in paragraph (11).
`(iii) VOLUNTARY MANAGEMENT PRACTICE- The term `voluntary management
practice' means a practice that protects the ecological values
(including water, soil, and biological diversity) of a landscape used to
produce renewable biomass.
`(B) ESTABLISHMENT- The Administrator shall establish a program, to be
modeled on the Energy Star Program, to promote consumer awareness of
renewable fuels that meet the requirements of subparagraph (C).
`(C) REQUIREMENTS- The Program shall provide authorization to
applicable entities for the use of a unique label for any renewable fuel
that--
`(i) has a lifecycle greenhouse gas emission rate that is at least
50 percent lower than the fuel emission baseline; and
`(ii) complies with applicable voluntary management practices
established under subparagraph (D)(i).
`(D) VOLUNTARY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, TERMS, AND PROCEDURES- In
carrying out the Program, the Administrator shall establish--
`(i) voluntary management practices for use in determining the
eligibility of a renewable fuel for a unique renewable fuel label under
the Program;
`(ii) terms governing the use of a unique renewable fuel label;
and
`(I) designating a renewable fuel to be eligible for a unique
renewable fuel label;
`(II) verifying the values reported by producers of renewable
fuel; and
`(III) monitoring compliance with the voluntary management
practices established under clause (i).
`(E) LABEL INFORMATION- The label to be applied to each qualifying
renewable fuel under the Program shall indicate the lifecycle greenhouse
gas emission rate of the renewable fuel.
`(i) ESTABLISHMENT- The Administrator shall establish an independent
advisory committee to assist the Administrator in carrying out the
Program.
`(ii) DUTIES- Not less frequently than once every 2 years, the
advisory committee shall provide recommendations to the Administrator
for updates and improvements to the Program, including recommendations
relating to the voluntary management practices established under
subparagraph (D)(i).'.
SEC. 204. WATER QUALITY PROTECTION.
Section 211(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545(c)(1)) is
amended--
(1) by striking `nonroad vehicle (A) if in the judgment of the
Administrator' and inserting the following: `nonroad vehicle--
`(A) if, in the judgment of the Administrator, any fuel or fuel
additive or';
(2) by striking `, or (B) if' and inserting the following: `; or
(3) in subparagraph (A), by striking `air pollution which' and inserting
`air pollution or water pollution (including any degradation in the quality
of groundwater) that'.
Subtitle B--Assistance and Research
SEC. 211. SMALL ETHANOL PRODUCER CREDIT EXPANSION FOR PRODUCERS OF SUCROSE
AND ETHANOL.
(a) In General- Subparagraph (C) of section 40(b)(4) of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to small ethanol producer credit) is amended by
inserting `(30,000,000 gallons for any sucrose or cellulosic ethanol
producer)' after `15,000,000 gallons'.
(b) Sucrose or Cellulosic Ethanol Producer- Section 40(b)(4) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by adding at the end the following
new subparagraph:
`(E) SUCROSE OR CELLULOSIC ETHANOL PRODUCER-
`(i) IN GENERAL- For purposes of this paragraph, the term `sucrose
or cellulosic ethanol producer' means a producer of ethanol using
sucrose feedstock or a producer of cellulosic biomass ethanol (as
defined in section 168(l)(3)).
`(ii) SUCROSE FEEDSTOCK- For purposes of clause (i), the term
`sucrose feedstock' means any raw sugar, refined sugar, or sugar
equivalents (including juice and extract). Such term does not include
any molasses, beet thick juice, or other similar products as determined
by the Secretary.'.
(c) Conforming Amendments-
(1) Section 40(g)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 is amended by
striking `15,000,000 gallon limitation' and inserting `15,000,000 and
30,000,000 gallon limitations'.
(2) Section 40(g)(5)(B) of such Code is amended by striking `15,000,000
gallons' and inserting `the gallon limitation under subsection
(b)(4)(C)'.
(d) Effective Date- The amendments made by this section shall apply to
taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act.
SEC. 212. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN SUPPORT OF LOW-CARBON FUELS.
(a) Declaration of Policy- Congress declares that, in order to achieve
maximum reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, enhance national security, and
ensure the protection of wildlife habitat, biodiversity, water quality, air
quality, and rural and regional economies throughout the lifecycle of each
low-carbon fuel, it is necessary and desirable to undertake a combination of
basic and applied research, as well as technology development and
demonstration, involving the colleges and universities of the United States,
in partnership with the Federal Government, State governments, and the private
sector.
(b) Purpose- The purpose of this section is to provide for research
support to facilitate the development of sustainable markets and technologies
to produce and use woody biomass and other low-carbon fuels for the production
of thermal and electric energy, biofuels, and bioproducts.
(c) Grant Program- The Administrator shall establish a program to provide
to eligible entities (as identified by the Administrator) grants for use
in--
(1) providing financial support for not more than 4 nor less than 6
demonstration facilities that--
(A) use woody biomass to deploy advanced technologies for production
of thermal and electric energy, biofuels, and bioproducts; and
(B) are targeted at regional feedstocks and markets;
(2) conducting targeted research for the development of cellulosic
ethanol and other liquid fuels from woody or other biomass that may be used
in transportation or stationary applications, such as industrial processes
or industrial, commercial, and residential heating;
(3) conducting research into the best scientifically-based and
periodically-updated methods of assessing and certifying the impacts of each
low-carbon fuel with respect to--
(A) the reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions of each fuel
as compared to--
(i) the fuel emission baseline; and
(ii) the greenhouse gas emissions of other sectors, such as the
agricultural, industrial, and manufacturing sectors;
(B) the contribution of the fuel toward enhancing the energy security
of the United States by displacing imported petroleum and petroleum
products;
(C) any impacts of the fuel on wildlife habitat, biodiversity, water
quality, and air quality; and
(D) any effect of the fuel with respect to rural and regional
economies;
(4) conducting research to determine to what extent the use of
low-carbon fuels in the transportation sector would impact greenhouse gas
emissions in other sectors, such as the agricultural, industrial, and
manufacturing sectors;
(5) conducting research for the development of the supply infrastructure
that may provide renewable biomass feedstocks in a consistent, predictable,
and environmentally-sustainable manner;
(6) conducting research for the development of supply infrastructure
that may provide renewable low-carbon fuels in a consistent, predictable,
and environmentally-sustainable manner; and
(7) conducting policy research on the global movement of low-carbon
fuels in a consistent, predictable, and environmentally-sustainable
manner.
(d) Authorization of Appropriations- There are authorized to be
appropriated to carry out this section--
(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2009;
(2) $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2010;
(3) $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2011;
(4) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2012; and
(5) $65,000,000 for fiscal year 2013.
TITLE III--CLEAN POWER ACT
SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE.
This title may be cited as the `Clean Power Act of 2007'.
SEC. 302. ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION EMISSION REDUCTIONS.
(a) In General- The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) is amended by
adding at the end the following:
`TITLE VII--ELECTRIC ENERGY GENERATION EMISSION REDUCTIONS
`Sec. 704. Emission limitations.
`Sec. 705. Emission allowances.
`Sec. 706. Permitting and trading of emission allowances.
`Sec. 707. Emission allowance allocation.
`Sec. 708. Mercury emission limitations.
`Sec. 709. Other hazardous air pollutants.
`Sec. 710. Effect of failure to promulgate regulations.
`Sec. 712. Modernization of electricity generating facilities.
`Sec. 713. Relationship to other law.
`SEC. 701. FINDINGS.
`(1) public health and the environment continue to suffer as a result of
pollution emitted by powerplants across the United States, despite the
success of Public Law 101-549 (commonly known as the `Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990') (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) in reducing emissions;
`(2) according to the most reliable scientific knowledge, acid rain
precursors must be significantly reduced for the ecosystems of the Northeast
and Southeast to recover from the ecological harm caused by acid
deposition;
`(3) because lakes and sediments across the United States are being
contaminated by mercury emitted by powerplants, there is an increasing risk
of mercury poisoning of aquatic habitats and fish-consuming human
populations;
`(4)(A) electricity generation accounts for approximately 40 percent of
the total emissions in the United States of carbon dioxide, a major
greenhouse gas causing global warming; and
`(B) the quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is growing without
constraint and well beyond the international commitments of the United
States;
`(5) the cumulative impact of powerplant emissions on public and
environmental health must be addressed swiftly by reducing those harmful
emissions to levels that are less threatening; and
`(6)(A) the atmosphere is a public resource; and
`(B) emission allowances, representing permission to use that resource
for disposal of air pollution from electricity generation, should be
allocated to promote public purposes, including--
`(i) protecting electricity consumers from adverse economic
impacts;
`(ii) providing transition assistance to adversely affected employees,
communities, and industries; and
`(iii) promoting clean energy resources and energy
efficiency.
`SEC. 702. PURPOSES.
`The purposes of this title are--
`(1) to alleviate the environmental and public health damage caused by
emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and mercury
resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in the generation of electric
and thermal energy;
`(2) to reduce by 2012 the annual national emissions from electricity
generating facilities to not more than--
`(A) 2,250,000 tons of sulfur dioxide;
`(B) 1,510,000 tons of nitrogen oxides; and
`(C) 2,050,000,000 tons of carbon dioxide;
`(3) to reduce by 2011 the annual national emissions of mercury from
electricity generating facilities to not more than 5 tons;
`(4) to effectuate the reductions described in paragraphs (2) and (3)
by--
`(A) requiring electricity generating facilities to comply with
specified emission limitations by specified deadlines; and
`(B) allowing electricity generating facilities to meet the emission
limitations (other than the emission limitation for mercury) through an
alternative method of compliance consisting of an emission allowance and
transfer system; and
`(5) to encourage energy conservation, use of renewable and clean
alternative technologies, and pollution prevention as long-range strategies,
consistent with this title, for reducing air pollution and other adverse
impacts of energy generation and use.
`SEC. 703. DEFINITIONS.
`(1) COVERED POLLUTANT- The term `covered pollutant' means--
`(2) ELECTRICITY GENERATING FACILITY- The term `electricity generating
facility' means an electric or thermal electricity generating unit, a
combination of such units, or a combination of 1 or more such units and 1 or
more combustion devices, that--
`(A) has a nameplate capacity of 15 megawatts or more (or the
equivalent in thermal energy generation, determined in accordance with a
methodology developed by the Administrator);
`(B) generates electric energy, for sale, through combustion of fossil
fuel; and
`(C) emits a covered pollutant into the atmosphere.
`(3) ELECTRICITY INTENSIVE PRODUCT- The term `electricity intensive
product' means a product with respect to which the cost of electricity
consumed in the production of the product represents more than 5 percent of
the value of the product.
`(4) EMISSION ALLOWANCE- The term `emission allowance' means a limited
authorization to emit in accordance with this title--
`(A) 1 ton of sulfur dioxide;
`(B) 1 ton of nitrogen oxides; or
`(C) 1 ton of carbon dioxide.
`(5) ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROJECT- The term `energy efficiency project'
means any specific action (other than ownership or operation of an energy
efficient building) commenced after the date of enactment of this
title--
`(A) at a facility (other than an electricity generating facility),
that verifiably reduces the annual electricity or natural gas consumption
per unit output of the facility, as compared with the annual electricity
or natural gas consumption per unit output that would be expected in the
absence of an allocation of emission allowances (as determined by the
Administrator); or
`(B) by an entity that is primarily engaged in the transmission and
distribution of electricity, that significantly improves the efficiency of
that type of entity, as compared with standards for efficiency developed
by the Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, after
the date of enactment of this title.
`(6) ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING- The term `energy efficient building'
means a residential building or commercial building completed after the date
of enactment of this title for which the projected lifetime consumption of
electricity or natural gas for heating, cooling, and ventilation is at least
30 percent less than the lifetime consumption of a typical new residential
building or commercial building, as determined by the Administrator (in
consultation with the Secretary of Energy)--
`(A) on a State or regional basis; and
`(B) taking into consideration--
`(i) applicable building codes; and
`(ii) consumption levels achieved in practice by new residential
buildings or commercial buildings in the absence of an allocation of
emission allowances.
`(7) ENERGY EFFICIENT PRODUCT- The term `energy efficient product' means
a product manufactured after the date of enactment of this title that has an
expected lifetime electricity or natural gas consumption that--
`(A) is less than the average lifetime electricity or natural gas
consumption for that type of product; and
`(B) does not exceed the lesser of--
`(i) the maximum energy consumption that qualifies for the
applicable Energy Star label for that type of product; or
`(ii) the average energy consumption of the most efficient 25
percent of that type of product manufactured in the same
year.
`(8) LIFETIME- The term `lifetime' means--
`(A) in the case of a residential building that is an energy efficient
building, 30 years;
`(B) in the case of a commercial building that is an energy efficient
building, 15 years; and
`(C) in the case of an energy efficient product, a period determined
by the Administrator to be the average life of that type of energy
efficient product.
`(9) MERCURY- The term `mercury' includes any mercury compound.
`(10) NEW CLEAN FOSSIL FUEL-FIRED ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNIT- The term
`new clean fossil fuel-fired electricity generating unit' means a unit
that--
`(A) has been in operation for 10 years or less; and
`(i) a natural gas fired generator that--
`(I) has an energy conversion efficiency of at least 55 percent;
and
`(II) uses best available control technology (as defined in
section 169);
`(I) uses integrated gasification combined cycle
technology;
`(II) uses best available control technology (as defined in
section 169); and
`(III) has an energy conversion efficiency of at least 45 percent;
or
`(iii) a fuel cell operating on fuel derived from a nonrenewable
source of energy.
`(11) NONWESTERN REGION- The term `nonwestern region' means the area of
the States that is not included in the western region.
`(12) RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATING UNIT- The term `renewable
electricity generating unit' means a unit that--
`(A) has been in operation for 10 years or less; and
`(B) generates electric energy by means of--
`(iv) a geothermal, solar thermal, or photovoltaic source;
or
`(v) a fuel cell operating on fuel derived from a renewable source
of energy.
`(13) SMALL BUSINESS CONCERN- The term `small business concern' has the
meaning given the term in section 3 of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C.
632).
`(14) SMALL ELECTRICITY GENERATING FACILITY- The term `small electricity
generating facility' means an electric or thermal electricity generating
unit, or combination of units, that--
`(A) has a nameplate capacity of less than 15 megawatts (or the
equivalent in thermal energy generation, determined in accordance with a
methodology developed by the Administrator);
`(B) generates electric energy, for sale, through combustion of fossil
fuel; and
`(C) emits a covered pollutant into the atmosphere.
`(15) WESTERN REGION- The term `western region' means the area
comprising the States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.
`SEC. 704. EMISSION LIMITATIONS.
`(a) In General- Subject to subsections (b) and (c), the Administrator
shall promulgate regulations to ensure that, during 2012 and each year
thereafter (in the case of each covered pollutant other than carbon dioxide),
and during 2022 and each year thereafter (in the case of carbon dioxide), the
total annual emissions of covered pollutants from all electricity generating
facilities located in all States does not exceed--
`(1) in the case of sulfur dioxide--
`(A) 275,000 tons in the western region; or
`(B) 1,975,000 tons in the nonwestern region;
`(2) in the case of nitrogen oxides, 1,510,000 tons;
`(3) in the case of carbon dioxide, 2,050,000,000 tons; or
`(4) in the case of mercury, 5 tons.
`(b) Excess Emissions Based on Unused Allowances- The regulations
promulgated under subsection (a) shall authorize emissions of covered
pollutants in excess of the national emission limitations established under
that subsection for a year to the extent that the number of tons of the excess
emissions is less than or equal to the number of emission allowances that
are--
`(1) used in the year; but
`(2) allocated for any previous year under section 707.
`(c) Reductions- For 2012 (or 2022, in the case of carbon dioxide) and
each year thereafter, the quantity of emissions specified for each covered
pollutant in subsection (a) shall be reduced by the sum of--
`(1) the number of tons of the covered pollutant that were emitted by
sma